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2021硕士研究生英语二Text4

豆豆   2021-12-03 09:27:51   576人已围观

We're fairly good at judging people based on first impressions, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to a five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive. In one study of the ability she dubbed “thin slicing,” the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor’s overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly with students’ end-of-semester ratings. Another set of participants had to count backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their conscious working memory. Their ratings were just as accurate, demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.

我们相当善于基于第一印象评判某人,从片面的看一眼照片到5分钟的交流,并且考虑到可能不仅是没有直接关系。在一项能力研究中,她被授予“薄切片”心理学家Nalini Ambady要求参与者观看教授们10秒钟的视频片段并且去评价讲师们的综合效果。他们的评估强烈的和学生们最后一学期的评估有关系。另外一组参与者在观看视频片段是被要求必须从1000倒数到9,占据他们的意识的工作记忆。他们的评价准确的演示了社交处理直觉本能。

fairly:adv. 公正地, 相当地, 一定地, 公平合理地
good at:善于。。。。做某事
judging:v. 评价;判断n. 法官;裁判员
thin:adj. 薄的, 细的, 瘦的, 稀少的adv. 薄薄地v. 使变淡, 变稀疏, 变稀少, (使)变稀薄n. 细小部分
slices:n. 薄的切片;部分;锅铲v. 切成薄片;大幅降低;砍,削
range from…to…意思是其范围处于XX到XX之间。
interaction:n. 相互交流;相互作用,相互影响
deliberation:n. 审议, 考虑, 商议, 细想
extraneous:adj. 没有直接联系的, 无关的
intrusive:adj. 侵入的, 闯入的, 侵扰的, 烦扰的
dubbed:v. 刺, 戳; 配音; 译制; 授予称号; 给…起绰号; 把 …称为n. 一戳, 一刺; 配音; 不中用的人; 水洼; 泥潭
psychologist:n. 心理学家, 心理学研究者
clips:v. 剪辑;修剪;削减;夹住n. 夹子;钳;视频片段
rate:n. 率, 速度, 比率, 价格v. 评价,估价;认为……是好的,看好;值得
instructor:n. 教练;导师;(大学)讲师
overall:adj. 全面的;综合的;总体的adv. 全部;总计;一般来说;大致上n. 外套;罩衣;工装服;连身工作服
effectiveness:n. 效果, 有效性, 效能, 效力
be correlated with 与……相关
strongly:adv. 强烈地, 坚决地, 大力地, (气味)浓烈地
end-of-semester:学期末
backward:adj. 向后的adv. 向后
occupying:v. 占领,占用;住进
conscious:adj. 注意到的,意识到的;清醒的,有知觉的
accurate:adj. 准确的,精确的
demonstrating:v. 显示;演示;证明;示威
intuitive:adj. 直觉的, 直观的


  Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment, before giving the rating. Accuracy dropped dramatically. Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues, such as certain gestures or utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression. She found similar interference when participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.

 慎重的另外一组被要求在他们评价之前花一分钟写下他们的评判理由,准确率大幅地下降。Ambady 推测是有可能是聚焦在生动但是错过了细节,例如确定的姿势或者言语,而不是从一个整体的印象的微妙信号让他们相互影响。当参与者观看了成双做对的人们15秒的视频片段并且评判他们是否是陌生人、朋友、或者约会伴侣时她发现了相似的干扰。

Critically:adv. 极其, 严重地, 批判性地, 慎重地
judgment:n. 判断, 审判, 判断力, 意见
dramatically:adv. 戏剧地, 显著地adv. 显著地,剧烈地,大幅度地
misleading:adj. 误导的, 引入歧途的v. “mislead”的现在分词
cues:n. 暗示, 提示, 信号, (戏剧的)提示v. 给(某人)暗示(或提示)
certain:adj. 肯定的, 确定的, 确信的, 无疑的; 肯定会发生的,必然的,确实的pron. (不提及人或事物的名称时用)某些
gestures:n. 手势;姿态v. 打手势
utterances:n. 话语, 说话, 用言语的表达, 言论
interplay:n. 相互影响(或作用)v. 相互作用
subtle:adj. 不易察觉的;微妙的;机智的;狡猾的;巧妙的
holistic:adj. 整体的, 全面的, 功能整体性的
interference:n. 干涉, 干预, 介入, (无线电信号的)干扰
dating partners:约会伴侣


  Other research shows we're better at detecting deception and sexual orientation from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection. “It's as if you're driving a stick shift,” says Judith Hall, a psychologist at Northeastern University, “and if you start thinking about it too much, you can't remember what you're doing. But if you go on automatic pilot, you're fine. Much of our social life is like that.”

另外的研究显示:我们依赖直觉代替思考时,我们更善于从细微之中发现欺骗和性取向。就好像你正在驾驶手动挡汽车,Judith Hall说道,一个东北大学的心理教授。并且如果你开始思考这个太多的话,你不能记住你正在做的事。但是如果你继续自动挡驾驶,你会很好。我们很多的社交生活就是这样。

detecting:v. 测出;发现,查明
deception:n. 欺骗, 骗局, 骗术, 诡计
sexual :adj. 性行为的, 性的, 生殖的, 有性繁殖的
orientation:n. 方向,目标;个人基本信仰,态度;入职培训
sexual orientation:性取向
reflection:n. 反射; 映像, 倒影; 反映; 表达, 抒发; (长相等)酷似的人; 惟妙惟肖的事物; 深思; 考虑
stick:v. 刺, 戳; 插入, 刺入; 粘贴; 钉住n. 枝条, 枯枝; 棍, 棒; 手杖; 条状物; 棍状物
shift:v. 转移;更替;转嫁;换挡,变速n. 交换,变化;轮班,当班时间
stick shift:手动变速车
automatic:adj. 自动的n. 自动装置
pilot:n. 飞行员, 领航员, 引水员, (航空器)驾驶员v. 试点, 引导, 试行, 驾驶(航空器)adj. 试验性的, 试点的, 指引的, 引导的


  Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences. College students’ ratings of strawberry jams and college courses aligned better with experts’ opinions when the students weren't asked to analyze their rationale. And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details, but only if the decision was complex—when they had a lot of information to process.

思考太多同样可能伤害我们形成喜好的能力。当学生不再被要求去分析他们的根本原因时,大学的学生评价草莓酱和学校课程的评分与专家的观点是一致的。当要求他们关注感觉而不是细节时,人们做出买车决定就会更加客观并更令人满意,但是仅仅在这个决定时复杂的情况下---当他们还有很多信息需要处理时。

preferences:n. 喜好;偏好;偏爱
College:n. 大学; 学院; 职业学校, 技术专科学校; 学会; 社团; 学院的全体师生
strawberry:n. 草莓
jams:n. 果酱, 堵塞, 拥挤, 卡住(因而发生故障)v. 使劲(往某处)挤(或压、塞), 不能动弹, 塞入, 塞进
aligned:adj. 一致的;对齐的
rationale:n. 基本原理, 根本原因
objectively:adv. 在客观上

  Intuition's special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances. In one study, participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rules, comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition and creativity (generating new products or figures of speech). Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition (“gut feelings,” “hunches,” “my heart”). Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest. Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.

直觉的特殊能力仅在确定的境况下才会被释放。在一项研究中,参与者完成了一系列的8个任务,包括4个利用深思熟虑的思考(识别规则,理解词汇),另外四个利用直接和创造力(生产新产品或者演讲)。这样他们评价他们使用直觉的程度(本能感觉,直觉,内心)。在前4个任务中使用他们的感觉影响了他们的表现,正如期待的那样,在剩下的4个任务中起到了帮助作用。有时候内心会比大脑更聪明的。

special:adj. 不寻常的, 特定的, 特别的, 很重要的n. 特别节目;特制品;特色菜
unleashed:v. 发泄, 突然释放, 使爆发
circumstancen. (复数)情况,环境,境况;(单数)命运
tap:n. 水龙头, 轻拍, 轻敲, 轻叩, 窃听v. 开发, 轻拍, 轻敲, 轻叩, 窃听,利用
reflective:adj. 沉思的, 深思的, (指物体表面)反射热的, 典型的
discerning:adj. 有识别力的, 有眼力的, 有洞察力的v. “discern”的现在分词
comprehending:v. 理解;领悟;懂
vocabulary:n. 词汇,词汇量;词汇表
figures:n. 图形, 人物, 身材, 身影, 人影, 体形, 数字, 金额, 图表
         v. 认为, 是重要部分, 是…的部分, 计算(数量或成本)
hunches:n. 预感, 直觉v. 弓身, 弓背, 耸肩
gut:n. 肠道, 直觉, 消化道, 勇气v. 损毁(建筑物或房屋的)内部, 取出…的内脏(以便烹饪)
     adj. 以感情为基础的, 非理性的, 本能的


【题目】

36. Nalini Ambaby's study deals with ___C__.

A.instructor student reaction

B.the power of people's memory

C.the reliability of first impression

D. people's ability to influence others

37. In Ambaby's study, rating accuracy dropped when participants__B___.

A.gave the rating in limited time

B.focus on specific details

C.watched shorted video clips

D.discussed with on another

38. Judith Hall mentions driving to mention___B__.

A.memory can be selective

B.reflection can be distracting

C.social skills must be cultivated

D.deception is difficult to detect

39. When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to___A__.

A.following your feelings

B.list your preferences

C.seek expert advice

D.collecting enough data

40. What can we learn from the last paragraph?_____A______.

A. Intuition may affect reflective tasks

B. Generating new products takes time

C.Vocabulary comprehension needs creativity

D. Objective thinking may boost inventiveness


参考资料:

1、【考研英语】【阅读精翻】英语二2021年text4|呜呼呼呼-哔哩哔哩】

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编辑发布时间:2021-12-03 09:27:51